A depression here Which to choose, silver or gold? Silly populists! Michael Miller
Economic depression dominated the 1890s and reshaped political alignments and attitudes. -Antone Scala
From the years 1870-1900, the United States experienced many political adjustments such as the bimetallic system and populist movement that eventually would bring the country into economic depression. (Stephen Perez)
In the 1890's an economic depression lead to desperate measures and political change, but imperialism not reform was the dominate factor by the end of the 1800's. -Eddie Rodriguez
Political change led not only to the populist movement, but also to economic downfall and an increase in unemployment and general unhappiness. (crystal gutierrez)
The depression of the 1890's effected American attitudes toward government and led to political realignments that established new patterns of thought.
-Laura Granillo
The Populist Party got Cleveland into office right before the Panic of 1893 causing the repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act which resulted in nothing but the general hatred of the population.
-Henry Go
The on-going transition of government power caused economic problems which led to the Populist movement along with the crisis of the depression.
-Ana Granados
Populists throughout!
Snap! A depression is born!
Now work becomes scarce...
-Jonathan Lo
American Life
The crisis of the depression
Changing attitudes
(taylor)
Political Change
Economic Depression
Reshaped Attitudes
-Jessica Bolanos
Republicans rule
a billion dollar country
McKinley for pres.
-Molly
NWSA- 584
Minor vs. Happersett- 584
Williams vs. Mississippi- 585
grandfather clause- 585
Democrats- small government/ Republicans- big government- 585
close elections in 1870s & 1880s- 585
“doubtful states”- late 1880s- 585 (Ana Granados)
states that are "doubtful" when it comes to electing a political party
(1880's)New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, Ohio, and Illinois
Hayes- silver veto- 586
-Hayes wanted to revive the republican party in the South, so he thought of a sound currency, vetoing the Bland-Allison Silver Purchase Bill.
Pendleton Act- 587
-President Arthur wanted to lower the tarriff, so congress passed the Pendelton Act to reform the civil service.
Election of 1888- 587-88
-Harrison won the presidency
-significant because Cleveland gathered ninety thousand more popular votes than Harrison but won the electoral votes of only two northern states and the South
McKinley Tarriff Act- 588 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Benjamin_Harrison.jpg/422px-Benjamin_Harrison.jpg
The tariff was detrimental to the American farmers.
set the tarriff rate on all imports at 48.4% and benefited manufacturing.
drove up the prices of farm equipment (since wages and imported components were more expensive) and failed to halt sliding agricultural prices, possibly since there wasn't much competition with imported goods since American agricultural produce was already cheaper than imports
(taylor)
Sherman Antitrust Act- 588
first measure passed by the U.S. Congress to prohibit trusts
Prior to its enactment, various states had passed similar laws, but they were limited to intrastate businesses.
regulate interstate commerce, declared illegal every contract, combination (in the form of trust or otherwise), or conspiracy in restraint of interstate and foreign trade
A fine of $5,000 and imprisonment for one year were set as the maximum penalties for violating the act.
authorized the federal government to institute proceedings against trusts in order to dissolve them, but Supreme Court rulings prevented federal authorities from using the act for some years
(taylor)
US vs. EC Knight Co.- (1895)- 588
AKA the sugar Trust act
was a United States Supreme Court case that limited the government's power to control monopolies
The question the court had to answer was, "could the Sherman Antitrust Act suppress a monopoly in the manufacture of a good, as well as its distribution
Under the Knight decision, any action against manufacturing combinations would need to be taken by individual states, making such regulation more difficult.
(taylor) Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890- 589 (Stephen Perez)
directed Treasury to purchase 4.5 million ounces of silver a month
issue legal tender in the form of Treasury notes in payment for it
Treasury notes could be cashed for either gold or silver at the bank
bimetallic system!
Pleased both sides?
Opponents of silver
happy that it did not include free coinage
Silverites
happy that the monthly purchases would buy up most of the country's silver production
1890 elections- who won- Dems- 589 (Stephen Perez)
Republicans lost?
lost 78 seats in the House
upset citizens
enlarged government authority, they had passed state laws prohitibiting the sale of alcoholic beverages, requiring the closing of businesses on Sunday, and mandating the use of English in the public and parochial schools
“hayseeds”- 590 (Jessica Bolanos) ·1889 derogatory term for farmers ·Symbolizes the public perception of farms being secondary to cities ·This term was not a compliment!
National Farmers’ Alliance (aka Northwestern Alliance)- 590-91 (Jessica Bolanos) ·Located on the Plains west of the Mississippi ·A smaller organization ·Objectives were similar to those of the Southern Alliance oExcept it disagreed with the Southerners’ emphasis on secrecy, centralized control, and separate organizations for blacks
Farmers Alliance & Industrial Union (aka Southern Alliance)- 591 (Jessica Bolanos) ·Based in the South ·Agents spread across the South where farmers were fed up with crop liens, depleted lands, and sharecropping ·Claimed more than a million members oWelcomed to membership the farmers’ “natural friends” oExcluded lawyers, bankers, cotton merchants, and warehouse operators ·Cooperative enterprises blossomed in the South, designed to bring farmers together to make greater profits
Dr. Charles W. Macune- 591 (john)
took over leadership in 1886 of the southern alliance
began to assume major proportions when he took leadership
claimed to have more than 1mil members but most likely had 1/4 that
Ben Patterson (john)
thirty year old picker who led strike to raise wages near memphis tennesse.
they walked off plantations but a posse hunted them down and after violence on both sides lynched 15 pickers even patterson
this strike ended the colored farmers alliance
National Farmers Alliance & Industrial Union (1889)- 591 (Jessica Bolanos) ·Mainly sponsored social and economic programs ·Turned early to politics oIn west, leaders rejected both the Republicans and Democrats and organized their own party §Populist Party oIn South, resisted the idea of a new party for fear it might divide the white vote §Democratic Party ·Leonidas L. Polk was the president oBelieved in scientific farming and cooperative action ·The Alliance adopted the Ocala Demands (the platform the organization pushed as long as it existed) oCalled for the creation of a “sub-treasury system” oUrged free coinage of silver, an end to protective tariffs and national banks, a federal income tax, the direct election of senators by voters instead of state legislatures, and tighter regulation of railroad companies
Ocala Demands (1890)- 592
People’s Party/ populist- 592
James B. Weaver- 592
Panic of 1893- causes- 593
jesssicabolda
not enough gold for amount of cash demaned by publ;ic
massve stock sell off
Industrial Black Friday- 593
stocj crash leds to mass panic
In Chicago, the infamous Pullman Strike, led by American Railway Union leader Eugene V. Debs, was a violent flare-up but just one of the many that occurred.
*
The Pullman Palace Car Company had been hit hard by the depression had been forced to cut wages about one-third.
In the opinion of Illinois governor John Peter Atgeld, who had pardoned the Haymarket Riot anarchists the year before, the riot was serious but not out of hand.
However, Attorney General Richard Olney felt that the strikers were interfering with U.S. mail delivery to Chicago, and he ordered federal troops to crush the strike…leading to controversy.
Labor unions began to think that employers and even the U.S. government were out to shut the unions down, and were incensed.
old miners- pre 1890 English Irish immigrants- spoke English
new miners-post 1890 Italian Polish immigrants- "birds of passage"
As depression got worse, tensions increased, new immigrants blamed for incidents
Dingley Tarrif
-McKinley and congress brought together July 1987
-passed a revision for a tarrif now known as Dingley Tarriff
-raised average tarriff duties to a new high
-made in order to regulate control
-rebupblicans not very pleased(crystal gutierrez)
McKinley's Assasination
-September 6, 1901
-McKinely was at a Pan-American exposition in Buffalo
- an unemployed laborer and anarchist, Leon Czolgosz shot the president
-Sept 4, 1901 McKinley dies, Teddy Rooosevelt becomes president (crystal gutierrez)
Michael Miller
William Jennings Bryan- 605
This was one bad dude.
He hated gold, yo. He figured that it would kill the farmers, with a cross of gold, and stuff.
But everyone that he was crazy, dig? The dirty repubs slandered him, calling him names. Jerks.
Bryan’s campaign- 606
All the democrats hated him too. People never respect their elders.
The newspapers, and not just The Onion, all of the democratic ones, slandered him
he still won, take that
but then the repubs called him a crazy superstitious nut, which may have been true, but that was WRONG, ya see? they never should have gone on like that, jerks, we should set those guys on fire man what MEANFACES
http://xcpapus.wikispaces.com/
Do not delete Michael Miller's stuff. -Mr. Haven
_
Chapter in a sentence (or a haiku):
A depression here
Which to choose, silver or gold?
Silly populists!
Michael Miller
Economic depression dominated the 1890s and reshaped political alignments and attitudes. -Antone Scala
From the years 1870-1900, the United States experienced many political adjustments such as the bimetallic system and populist movement that eventually would bring the country into economic depression. (Stephen Perez)
In the 1890's an economic depression lead to desperate measures and political change, but imperialism not reform was the dominate factor by the end of the 1800's. -Eddie Rodriguez
Political change led not only to the populist movement, but also to economic downfall and an increase in unemployment and general unhappiness. (crystal gutierrez)
The depression of the 1890's effected American attitudes toward government and led to political realignments that established new patterns of thought.
-Laura Granillo
The Populist Party got Cleveland into office right before the Panic of 1893 causing the repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act which resulted in nothing but the general hatred of the population.
-Henry Go
The on-going transition of government power caused economic problems which led to the Populist movement along with the crisis of the depression.
-Ana Granados
Populists throughout!
Snap! A depression is born!
Now work becomes scarce...
-Jonathan Lo
American Life
The crisis of the depression
Changing attitudes
(taylor)
Political Change
Economic Depression
Reshaped Attitudes
-Jessica Bolanos
Republicans rule
a billion dollar country
McKinley for pres.
-Molly
NWSA- 584
Minor vs. Happersett- 584
Williams vs. Mississippi- 585
grandfather clause- 585
Democrats- small government/ Republicans- big government- 585
close elections in 1870s & 1880s- 585
“doubtful states”- late 1880s- 585 (Ana Granados)
- states that are "doubtful" when it comes to electing a political party
- (1880's)New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, Ohio, and Illinois
- main focus of politician
http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9507E2DD1E38E533A2575AC2A9609C94699FD7CFMunn vs. Illinois (1877)- 586 (Ana Granados)
- deals with corporate rates and agriculture
- Munn- allow states to regulate certain businesses within borders (ex. railroads)
- Supreme Court decision: private property "affected with the public interest... must submit to being controlled by the public for the common good."
http://www.csamerican.com/SC.asp?r=94+U.S.+113Interstate Commerce Act & Interstate Commerce Commission (1887)- 586 (Ana Granados)
- ICC- first true federal regulatory agency
- designed investiage and oversee railroad activies
- shipping rates had to be "reasonable and just"
- rates had to be published
- secret rebates were outlawed
- price discrimination against small markets was made illegal
http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h743.htmlHayes- silver veto- 586
-Hayes wanted to revive the republican party in the South, so he thought of a sound currency, vetoing the Bland-Allison Silver Purchase Bill.
Pendleton Act- 587
-President Arthur wanted to lower the tarriff, so congress passed the Pendelton Act to reform the civil service.
Election of 1888- 587-88
-Harrison won the presidency
-significant because Cleveland gathered ninety thousand more popular votes than Harrison but won the electoral votes of only two northern states and the South
McKinley Tarriff Act- 588
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Benjamin_Harrison.jpg/422px-Benjamin_Harrison.jpg
- The tariff was detrimental to the American farmers.
- set the tarriff rate on all imports at 48.4% and benefited manufacturing.
- drove up the prices of farm equipment (since wages and imported components were more expensive) and failed to halt sliding agricultural prices, possibly since there wasn't much competition with imported goods since American agricultural produce was already cheaper than imports
(taylor)Sherman Antitrust Act- 588
- first measure passed by the U.S. Congress to prohibit trusts
- Prior to its enactment, various states had passed similar laws, but they were limited to intrastate businesses.
- regulate interstate commerce, declared illegal every contract, combination (in the form of trust or otherwise), or conspiracy in restraint of interstate and foreign trade
- A fine of $5,000 and imprisonment for one year were set as the maximum penalties for violating the act.
- authorized the federal government to institute proceedings against trusts in order to dissolve them, but Supreme Court rulings prevented federal authorities from using the act for some years
(taylor)US vs. EC Knight Co.- (1895)- 588
(taylor)
Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890- 589 (Stephen Perez)
- directed Treasury to purchase 4.5 million ounces of silver a month
- issue legal tender in the form of Treasury notes in payment for it
- Treasury notes could be cashed for either gold or silver at the bank
- bimetallic system!
- Pleased both sides?
- Opponents of silver
- happy that it did not include free coinage
- Silverites
- happy that the monthly purchases would buy up most of the country's silver production
http://dollardaze.org/blog/posts/2006/November/12/1/usdollarcomparison.jpg“force bill”- 589 (Stephen Perez)
- federal elections bill used to protect the voting rights of blacks in the South
- passed by Republicans
- named by Democrats
- believed it would station army troops in the South
- because of Democrats complaints, the bill was not passed in Senate
- attempt to enforce the Fifteenth Ammendment
http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?_r=1&res=9D05EFD81538E233A25754C2A9609C94639ED7CF1890 elections- who won- Dems- 589 (Stephen Perez)
- Republicans lost?
- lost 78 seats in the House
- upset citizens
- enlarged government authority, they had passed state laws prohitibiting the sale of alcoholic beverages, requiring the closing of businesses on Sunday, and mandating the use of English in the public and parochial schools
- Democrats Won!
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections,_1890Billion Dollar Congress- 589
- The 51st Congress of America
- Began right after McKinley Tariff Act of 1890
- Reason for name:
- Approximated that about $1 billion would be needed to meet the increase in national spending
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/51st_United_States_Congress[Jonathan Lo]
populism- 589
- The people’s party
- Made up of farmers mostly
- Usually people believed the depression was caused by Eastern financial interests
- Farmers’ Alliances came up during hard times
- Many met in Dec 1890, but feared that splitting the Democratic Party would problems
- Reasons for the beginning of Populism
- The Sherman Silver Purchase Act
- Did not help currency expansion
- Republicans in Congress didn’t want to support a bill that would enforce civil rights in the South
- Argument for starting populism
- Southern white farmers and blacks were both suffering from the same enemies
[Jonathan Lo]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populism
farmers’ main complaints- 589-90
http://www.cyberessays.com/History/152.html
[Jonathan Lo]“hayseeds”- 590 (Jessica Bolanos)
·1889 derogatory term for farmers
·Symbolizes the public perception of farms being secondary to cities
·This term was not a compliment!
National Farmers’ Alliance (aka Northwestern Alliance)- 590-91 (Jessica Bolanos)
·Located on the Plains west of the Mississippi
·A smaller organization
·Objectives were similar to those of the Southern Alliance
oExcept it disagreed with the Southerners’ emphasis on secrecy, centralized control, and separate organizations for blacks
Farmers Alliance & Industrial Union (aka Southern Alliance)- 591 (Jessica Bolanos)
·Based in the South
·Agents spread across the South where farmers were fed up with crop liens, depleted lands, and sharecropping
·Claimed more than a million members
oWelcomed to membership the farmers’ “natural friends”
oExcluded lawyers, bankers, cotton merchants, and warehouse operators
·Cooperative enterprises blossomed in the South, designed to bring farmers together to make greater profits
Dr. Charles W. Macune- 591 (john)
- took over leadership in 1886 of the southern alliance
- began to assume major proportions when he took leadership
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.geocities.com/salika_2000/MtgFarmersAlliance.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.geocities.com/salika_2000/chronology1.html&usg=__2xrTrSKror03HJFqQ1_8qPdGnMs=&h=243&w=310&sz=15&hl=en&start=1&tbnid=a04lB8RrHVqWeM:&tbnh=92&tbnw=117&prev=/images%3Fq%3DNational%2BFarmers%25E2%2580%2599%2BAlliance%26gbv%3D2%26hl%3DenColored Farmers’ National Alliance & Cooperative Union(1889)- 591 (john)
Ben Patterson (john)
National Farmers Alliance & Industrial Union (1889)- 591 (Jessica Bolanos)
·Mainly sponsored social and economic programs
·Turned early to politics
oIn west, leaders rejected both the Republicans and Democrats and organized their own party
§Populist Party
oIn South, resisted the idea of a new party for fear it might divide the white vote
§Democratic Party
·Leonidas L. Polk was the president
oBelieved in scientific farming and cooperative action
·The Alliance adopted the Ocala Demands (the platform the organization pushed as long as it existed)
oCalled for the creation of a “sub-treasury system”
oUrged free coinage of silver, an end to protective tariffs and national banks, a federal income tax, the direct election of senators by voters instead of state legislatures, and tighter regulation of railroad companies
Thomas E. Watson- 592--Molly
Leonidas Polk- 592--Molly
Jeremiah Simpson- 592--Molly
Mary E. Lease- 592--Molly
- helped head a movement open to female leadership
- called farmers to rise against Wall street and Industrial East ( urban establishment) http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5303/
Ocala Demands (1890)- 592People’s Party/ populist- 592
James B. Weaver- 592
Panic of 1893- causes- 593
jesssicabolda
not enough gold for amount of cash demaned by publ;ic
massve stock sell off
Industrial Black Friday- 593
stocj crash leds to mass panic
1894- depression- 594 (Laura Granillo)
Economic Depression
- Over three million unemployed
- unemployed
- became restless and angry
- became very critical of the government
- started talk of revolution and bloodshed
http://uk.geocities.com/haywardlass/page14.html1894- strikes- 594 (Laura Granillo)
Jacob Coxey- purpose/ goals- 594 (Mai Le)
Pullman Strike- 595(clare)
- Cleveland Crushes the Pullman Strike
In Chicago, the infamous Pullman Strike, led by American Railway Union leader Eugene V. Debs, was a violent flare-up but just one of the many that occurred.*
Dingley Tarrif
-McKinley and congress brought together July 1987
-passed a revision for a tarrif now known as Dingley Tarriff
-raised average tarriff duties to a new high
-made in order to regulate control
-rebupblicans not very pleased(crystal gutierrez)
Gold Standard Act
- in 1900 McKinley administration passed this act
- declared gold the official standard, disregarding the silver scandal
http://www.wku.edu/Library/onlinexh/sanders/cartoons/business/gold_standard.jpg (crystal gutierrez)
McKinley's Assasination
-September 6, 1901
-McKinely was at a Pan-American exposition in Buffalo
- an unemployed laborer and anarchist, Leon Czolgosz shot the president
-Sept 4, 1901 McKinley dies, Teddy Rooosevelt becomes president (crystal gutierrez)
Michael Miller
William Jennings Bryan- 605
- This was one bad dude.
- He hated gold, yo. He figured that it would kill the farmers, with a cross of gold, and stuff.
- But everyone that he was crazy, dig? The dirty repubs slandered him, calling him names. Jerks.
Bryan’s campaign- 606